Lots of people in the past have set up various sensors to detect when a conventional doorbell is vibrating. These can work really well. There are a whole bunch of them in the project reports section on the doorbell list. Some of the devices may no longer be made, but there should be current equivalent devices if you find something that looks good to you. The only exception is the Nexia Zwave doorbell sensor, which is no longer made. But you can create your own DIY version pretty easily.
And since the sensor is going inside your house where the doorbell chime already exists, you don’t have to worry about weather. 